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Dredging and Dredged Material Placement, 2022
- Dredging and Dredged
Material Placement
- Contents
- List of Figures
- List of Tables
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Nomenclature
- Chapter 1: Dredging History, Dredge Types, and Organizations [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Professional Societies, Conferences, and Education
- Brief History of Dredging
- Brief History of the US Army Corps of Engineers
- Jones Act
- US Dredging Companies and Equipment
- Number and Types of Dredges in the United States
- Major US Ports and Waterways
- Dredge Classification
- Problems
- References
- Chapter 2: Basic Fluid Mechanics for Dredging [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- DefinitionsDefinitions
- PressurePressure
- BuoyancyBuoyancy and Stability
- Conservation of MassConservation of Mass (Continuity Equation)
- Bernoulli EquationBernoulli Equation
- Energy Equation (Modified Bernoulli EquationBernoulli Equation)
- Minor LossesMinor Losses
- Equivalent Length of PipeEquivalent Length of Pipe
- Pump Input EnergyPump Input Energy (hp)
- Momentum EquationMomentum Equation
- Pump HeadPump HeadHead, PowerPower, and EfficiencyEfficiency
- Problems
- References
- Chapter 3: Dredging Equipment [Go to Page]
- Large Hydraulic Dredges
- Trailing Suction Hopper Dredge
- Split Hull Hopper Dredges
- Cutter Suction Dredge
- Dustpan Dredge
- Bucket Wheel Dredge
- Side Casting Dredge
- Special Dredges (No Pipeline) [Go to Page]
- Agitation, Water Injection, and Remotely Operated Dredges
- Small Hydraulic Dredges [Go to Page]
- Cutter Suction
- Shark and Swinging Ladder Dredge
- Versi-Dredge
- Dredge Master
- VMI Dredges
- Matchbox
- Mud Cat Auger Dredge
- Mechanical Dredges [Go to Page]
- Clamshell, Dragline, Backhoe, and Dipper Dredges
- Enclosed Watertight Clamshell Bucket
- Conventional and Watertight Clamshell Buckets Comparison
- Bucket-Ladder Dredge
- Pneuma Dredge
- Hybrid Dredge (Mechanical and Hydraulic) [Go to Page]
- DreDredge
- Amphibex Dredge
- Comparison of Small Dredges
- Problems
- References
- Chapter 4: Dredge Pumps, Modeling, and Cavitation [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Viscosity
- Suction Inlet
- Impeller
- Pump Characteristics Curves [Go to Page]
- Dimensional Curves
- Dimensionless Curves
- Effect of Solid Water Mixtures on Pump Performance
- Dredge Pump System Curves
- Modeling Dredge Pumps [Go to Page]
- Dimensional Analysis of a Pump and Pump Affinity Laws
- Previous Model Dredge Hydraulic Studies [Go to Page]
- Model Dredge Studies
- Flow Visualization Studies
- Model Cutter Suction Dredge Studies
- Flow Field Studies and Sediment Pick-up Behavior
- Cavitation and Cutterhead Dynamics
- Scaling Laws for Modeling Hydraulic Dredging Operations [Go to Page]
- Sediment Pick-up Behavior
- Normalizing the Velocity Fields to the Particle Settling Velocity
- Additional Challenges for Sediment Scaling
- Using Scaling Equations for the Design of a Dredge Facility [Go to Page]
- Hypothetical Model Study of a Cutter Suction Dredge
- Dredge Pump Cavitation [Go to Page]
- Net Positive Suction Head
- Optimizing Suction Line Velocity for a Nonladder Pump Cutter Suction Dredge
- Experimental Pump and Dredge Facilities [Go to Page]
- Dredge/Tow Tank at Texas A&M University (2007-2017)
- Summaries of Selected Dredging Laboratory Experiments at Texas A&M University [Go to Page]
- Summary of Resuspension Experiments around a Model Cutter Suction Dredge and a Near Field Resuspension Numerical Model
- Summary of Experiments in Measuring Cutter Forces
- Summary of Bed Leveler Experiments
- Summary of Cutter Suction Inlet Screen Minor Loss Coefficient Experiments
- Summary of Flow Field Measurements around the Cutter Suction Inlet
- Summary of Velocity Measurements around Trailing Suction Hopper Dredge Dragheads
- Effect and Removal of Gas in Dredge Pumps
- Dredge Pump and Pipeline Wear
-
Problems
- References
- Chapter 5: Characteristics of Dredged Sediments [Go to Page]
- Definitions
- Sediment Classification
- Sediment Investigations
- Dredged Material Bulking Factors
- Problems
- References
- Chapter 6: Pipeline Transport of Sediments [Go to Page]
- Slurry Transport in Pipes [Go to Page]
- Particle Settling Velocity
- Slurry Flow Regimes
- Slurry Classification and Composition [Go to Page]
- Pipeline Inclination Effect on Critical Velocity
- Critical Velocity [Go to Page]
- Wilson Nomograph
- Matousek Equation
- Critical Velocity According to Turner Data
- van den Berg Critical Velocity
- Critical Velocity by Jufin-Lopatin
- Critical Velocity by Miedema
- Comparison of Selected Critical Velocity Equations
- Determination of Friction Head Losses in Horizontal Pipelines
- Evaluation of Friction Factor
- Friction Losses Caused by Inclined Pipes
- Losses Caused by Fittings and Valves
- Minor Losses Caused by Screens on Suction Inlets
- Example Problems for Cutter Suction Pipeline Dredges
- Problems
- References
- Chapter 7: Cutters, Dragheads, and Buckets [Go to Page]
- Cutters [Go to Page]
- Basket Cutter
- Bucket Wheel Cutter
- Auger Cutter
- Cutter Power, Torque, and Force
- Cutter Calculations
- Two-Dimensional Cutting Models [Go to Page]
- Evans Cutting Model
- Merchant Cutting Model
- Nishumatsu Cutting Model
- Specific Energy, Cutting Power, and Production Calculation
- Drag Heads
- Buckets
- Problems
- References
- Chapter 8: Production Estimating for Cutter Suction, Mechanical Clamshell, and Trailing Suction Hopper Dredges [Go to Page]
- Cutter Suction Dredge [Go to Page]
- Production Equations
- Theoretical Estimate of Cutter Suction Dredge Production with Only a Main Pump Located at the Water Surface
- Theoretical Estimate of Cutter Suction Dredge Production with a Main Pump Located at the Water Surface, Ladder Pump, and Two Booster Pumps
- Estimating Production and Booster Pump Location for Pumps in Series
- Dredge Pumps in Parallel
- Mechanical Clamshell Dredge Production
- Hopper Dredge Loading Rate
- Evaluation of Trailing Suction Hopper Dredge Economic Load
- Estimating Hopper Dredge Production [Go to Page]
- Hydraulic Transport
- Pump Head
- The Total Production Rate
- Problems
- References
- Chapter 9: Dredge Instrumentation and Automation [Go to Page]
- Flow Meters [Go to Page]
- Magnetic Flow Meters
- Doppler Sonic Flow Meters
- Density Meters
- Production Meters
- Vacuum Relief and Bypass System
- Automatic Light Mixture Overload Valve
- Hopper Load Indicators
- Cutterhead and Hopper Drag Head Controllers
- Flow Controller
- Digging Depth
- Dredge Position
- Hydrographic Software for Dredging
- Power and Rotative Speed for Cutter and Pumps
- Winch Power and Speed
- Dredge Automation
- Underwater Vision for Dredge
- Data Quality Management
- Problems
- References
- Chapter 10: US Environmental Laws, Permitting Process, and Environmental Windows [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- US Environmental Laws [Go to Page]
- MPRSAMPRSA-Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries ActMarine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act-Ocean Dumping ActOcean Dumping Act-London Dumping Convention (1972)
- CWACWA-Clean Water ActClean Water Act (1972)
- NEPANEPA-National Environmental Policy ActNational Environmental Policy Act (1969)
- RCRARCRA-Resource Conservation and Recovery ActResource Conservation and Recovery Act
- CERCLACERCLA-Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability ActComprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund) (1980)
- SARASARA-Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (1986)Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (1986)
- OPA-90OPA-90-Oil Pollution Control Act (1990)Oil Pollution Control Act (1990)
- TSCATSCA-Toxic Substances Control Act (1976)Toxic Substances Control Act (1976)
- OSHAOSHA-Occupational Safety and Health ActOccupational Safety and Health Act
- CZMA-Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972Coastal Zone Management Act
- River and Harbors ActRiver and Harbors Act of 1899River and Harbors Act of 1899
- Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1958Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1958
- Endangered Species Act of 1973 and Amended in 1988Endangered Species Act of 1988
- WRDA-Water Resources Development ActWater Resources Development ActWater Resources Development Act of 1986
- National Historic Preservation Act of 1966National Historic Preservation Act of 1966
- MBTAMBTA-Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918Migratory Bird Treaty Act
- Other Federal Statutes
- PermittingPermitting
- Environmental Impact Statements and Environmental AssessmentsEnvironmental Impact Statements
- Environmental WindowsEnvironmental Windows
- Problems
- References
- Chapter 11: Dredged Material Placement [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Open Water Placement
- Computer Models for Dredged Material Placement [Go to Page]
- Short-Term Fate Model
- STFATE Example 1 (Split Hull Barge)
- Long-Term Fate of Dredged Material Model
- Multiple Placement Fate of Dredged Material Model
- Confined Disposal Facilities [Go to Page]
- Design of Confined Disposal Facilities
- Design Objectives
- Confined Disposal Facility Site Selection
- Computer Modeling and Software
- Laboratory Testing
- Settling Tests
- Consolidation Test
- Containment Area Design for Solids Retention and Initial Storage
- Calculation of Volume for Initial Storage
- Procedure
- Calculation of Minimum Surface Area for Effective Zone Settling
- Calculation of Required Retention for Flocculent Settling
- Weir Design
- Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Common Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
- Engineering with Nature
- Problems
- References
- Chapter 12: Contaminated Sediments and Capping [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Contaminated Sediments
- Environmental Dredging
- Equipment
- Placement Options
- Capping [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Considerations for Selecting Capping Sites
- Compatibility and Exposure Time
- Contaminated Sediment and Cap Placement Techniques
- Cap Thickness Design
- Monitoring of Cap Sites
- MPFATE Example of Capping Contaminated Sediment
- Examples of Capped Contaminated Sediment Sites [Go to Page]
- Historic Area Remediation Site or Mud Dump Site
- Palos Verdes Shelf Cap
- Fox River
- Problems
- References
- Chapter 13: Estimating Dredging Costs [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- General Production Estimation Procedures [Go to Page]
- Estimating Production for Cutter Suction Pipeline Dredge
- Estimating Production for a Trailing Suction Hopper Dredge and Mechanical Clamshell Dredge
- Dredge Cost Components
- Difficulties with the Development of Cost Estimating Software
- Procedures for Estimating the Cost
- Additional Considerations
- Estimating Costs for Mechanical and Hopper Dredge Projects
- Texas A&M Center for Dredging Studies Cost Estimating Software
- Example of Cost Estimating for a Hypothetical Large Cutter Suction Dredge Project
- Comparison of Cost Estimates for Selected Dredging Projects Using Cutter Suction Dredge, Hopper Dredge, and Mechanical Dredge [Go to Page]
- Cost Estimating Software
- Cutter Suction Dredge
- Trailing Suction Hopper Dredge
- Clamshell Mechanical Dredge
- Problems
- References
- Chapter 14: Dredge Operation, Auxillary Equipment, Containment Barriers, and Underwater Acoustic Equipment [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Dredge Operating Limits and Meaning of Instrument Readings [Go to Page]
- Dredge Pump Cycle
- Water Hammer
- Estimating Step Angle for Cutter Suction Dredge
- Swing Width
- Anchor Locations for Cutter Suction Dredges
- Width Limitation for Channels
- Auxiliary Equipment [Go to Page]
- Anchor Booms
- Spuds
- Spud Carriage
- Dredge Efficiency for Two Fixed Spuds and Spud Carriage on Cutter Suction Dredges
- Spud and Ladder Hoists
- Stern Mooring
- Wire Rope, Sheaves, and Winches
- Ladder and Booster Pumps
- Containment Barriers
- Underwater Acoustic Equipment [Go to Page]
- Sidescan Sonars and Subbottom Profilers
- Multibeam Sonars
- Scanning Imaging Sonars
- Compressed High Intensity Radar Pulse
- Problems
- Reference
- Chapter 15: Dredging Research, Training, and Education [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Cutter Suction Dredge Simulators [Go to Page]
- Simulator Exercises
- Results of Exercises
- Haynes Coastal Engineering Laboratory
- Center for Dredging Studies
- Dredging Engineering Short Courses
- References
- APPENDIX: PROPERTIES AND CONVERSIONS
- Index
- About-the-author_online [Go to Page]
