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Nanomaterials in the Environment, 2015
- Contents
- Preface
- About the
Editors
- Contributing Authors
- Chapter 1: Fundamental Characteristics and Their Influence on Fate and Behavior of Nanomaterials in Environments [Go to Page]
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 ``Nanoness'' of Nanomaterials
- 1.3 Agglomeration and Its Different Aspects
- 1.4 Properties Influencing Persistence and Behavior of NMs
- 1.5 Nano-Sized Adsorbents and Their Environmental Behavior
- 1.6 Engineered Nanomaterials in the Environment: The Consequences
- 1.7 Conclusions
- 1.8 Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 2: Assessment Approaches, Test Methods, and Monitoring Strategies for Nanomaterials [Go to Page]
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Environmental Assessments of NMs
- 2.3 Environmental Fate and Behaviour of NMs [Go to Page]
- 2.3.1 Groups of NMs
- 2.3.2 Fate and Behavior of NMs in Water Systems
- 2.3.3 Fate and Behavior of NMs in Soils
- 2.4 Environmental Monitoring of NMs [Go to Page]
- 2.4.1 Sampling Design
- 2.4.2 Sample Preparation
- 2.4.3 Characterization Techniques
- 2.4.4 Statistical Data Analysis
- 2.5 Standardization of Test Methods for Monitoring NMs [Go to Page]
- 2.5.1 Physicochemical characterization information for NMs regulation
- 2.5.2 Reference Materials
- 2.5.3 NMs and Nanotechnology Standarization
- 2.5.4 Standards with Relevance to Nanotechnology
- 2.6 Summary
- References
- Chapter 3: Nanomaterial Characterization [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Spectroscopic Methods [Go to Page]
- 3.2.1 Ultraviolet/Visible (UV/Vis) Spectroscopy
- 3.2.2 Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
- 3.2.3 Raman Spectroscopy
- 3.2.4 Mass Spectroscopy
- 3.3 Microscopy Methods [Go to Page]
- 3.3.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy
- 3.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy
- 3.3.3 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
- 3.3.4 Atomic Force Microscopy
- 3.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Based Methods [Go to Page]
- 3.4.1 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS)
- 3.4.2 Field Flow Fractionation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy (FFF-ICP-MS)
- 3.4.3 Hydrodynamic Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy (HDC-ICP-MS)
- 3.5 Diffraction Techniques [Go to Page]
- 3.5.1 Dynamic Light Scattering
- 3.5.2 X-Ray Diffraction
- 3.6 Other Characterization Techniques [Go to Page]
- 3.6.1 Thermal Analysis
- 3.6.2 Brunauer, Emmett And Teller (BET) Method
- 3.7 Summary
- References
- Chapter 4: Analysis of Nanomaterials by Single Particle Methods [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Fundamentals of Microscopy Techniques
- 4.3 Sampling and Sample Preparation
- 4.4 Characterization of NPs and NMs in the Environment
- 4.5 Conclusions
- 4.6 Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 5: Analysis of Nanomaterials by Particle Size Distribution Methods [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Main Techniques [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 Imaging Techniques
- 5.2.2 Scattering Techniques
- 5.2.3 Separation Techniques
- 5.3 Conclusions and Future Challenges
- References
- Chapter 6: Quantification and Analyses of Nanoparticles in Natural Environments with Different Approaches [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Presence and Fate of NPs in Environments
- 6.3 Characterization of NPs in the Environment [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 Sampling
- 6.3.2 Electronic Microscopy Techniques
- 6.3.3 Analyses of NPs in Real Environmental Samples
- 6.4 Conclusions
- 6.5 Nomenclature
- References
- Chapter 7: Occurrence of Nanomaterials in the Environment [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Manufacturing Environments [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1 Classification of Engineered NPs
- 7.2.2 Occurrence in Commercial Products
- 7.3 Release of Engineered NMs
- 7.4 Natural Environment [Go to Page]
- 7.4.1. Classification of Natural NPs
- 7.4.2 Occurrence of Natural NPs
- 7.4.3 Important Processes Influenced by Natural NPs
- 7.5 Engineered and Anthropogenic NPs in Natural Systems
- 7.6 Occurrence of NMs for Environmental Remediation
- 7.7 Conclusions and Future Outlook
- References
- Chapter 8: An Overview on Fate, Transport, and Behavior of Nanomaterials in the Environment [Go to Page]
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Sources of NMs [Go to Page]
- 8.2.1 Point Sources
- 8.2.2 Non-Point Sources
- 8.3 Transport of NMs in Different Environmental Compartments [Go to Page]
- 8.3.1 Water
- 8.3.2 Soil
- 8.3.3 Atmosphere
- 8.3.4 Biological Systems
- 8.4 Transformation of NMs in Environments [Go to Page]
- 8.4.1 Photochemical Transformation
- 8.4.2 Sorption/Desorption
- 8.4.3 Reduction and Oxidation
- 8.4.4 Hydrolysis
- 8.4.5 Biotransformation
- 8.5 Bioaccumulation [Go to Page]
- 8.5.1 Bioaccumulation of NPs in Animals
- 8.5.2 Bioaccumulation of NPs in Plants
- 8.5.3 Bioaccumulation of NPs in Humans
- 8.6 Trophic Transfer and Biomagnification
- 8.7 Conclusions
- 8.8 Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 9: Behavior and Fate of Natural and Engineered Nanomaterials in Water [Go to Page]
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 NMs Transport into Water Environment
- 9.3 Impact of NMs on Aquatic Ecosystems
- 9.4 Persistence of NMs in Aqueous Environments
- 9.5 Removal of Engineered NMs from Water
- 9.6 Nano Regulations
- 9.7 Summary
- 9.8 Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 10: Behavior and Fate of Natural and Engineered Nanomaterials in Atmosphere [Go to Page]
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Typical Properties of NMs
- 10.3 Sources of NMs [Go to Page]
- 10.3.1 Natural Sources
- 10.3.2 Man-Made Sources
- 10.4 Adverse Effects and Environmental Impacts
- 10.5 Types and Classification of NMs
- 10.6 Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques [Go to Page]
- 10.6.1 Based on Surface Characteristics
- 10.6.2 Based on Number Concentration
- 10.6.3 Size Distribution
- 10.7 Environmental Fate and Behaviors of NPs [Go to Page]
- 10.7.1 Atmospheric Diffusion of NPs
- 10.7.2 Atmospheric Interaction of NPs
- 10.7.3 Atmospheric Production/Removal Processes-Wet/Dry Deposition
- 10.8 Persistence of NPs
- 10.9 Atmospheric NPs Size Distribution
- 10.10 Urban NMs
- 10.11 Influence of NPs on Weather
- 10.12 Legislation
- 10.13 Summary
- References
- Chapter 11: Behavior and Fate of Natural and Engineered Nanomaterials in Soils [Go to Page]
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 NMs Entering into Soil and Transport Thereafter [Go to Page]
- 11.2.1 Direct Transport
- 11.2.2 Indirect Transport
- 11.3 NM Interactions with Soil Components [Go to Page]
- 11.3.1 Inorganic (Mineral) Matter
- 11.3.2 Organic Matter
- 11.4 Persistence, Toxicity and Safety of NMs
- 11.5 Current Challenges
- 11.6 Summary
- 11.7 Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 12: Behavior and Fate of Natural and Engineered Nanomaterials in Sediments [Go to Page]
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Nanomaterials
- 12.3 Origin and Nature of Sediments
- 12.4 Mechanisms of Transport
- 12.5 Persistence of NPs in Sediments
- 12.6 Analytical Details
- 12.7 Appropriate Guidelines and Regulations
- 12.8 Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 13: Behavior and Fate of Natural and Engineered Nanomaterials in Constructed Environments [Go to Page]
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 Presence of NMs in Aquatic Environments [Go to Page]
- 13.2.1 Use of NPs in Nanoremediation
- 13.2.2 Other Sources of NMs in Wastewater
- 13.3 Behavior of NPs in Nanoremediation [Go to Page]
- 13.3.1 Adsorption
- 13.3.2 Entrapment/Bio-uptake
- 13.3.3 Aggregation and Disaggregation
- 13.3.4 Biodegradation or Biotransformation
- 13.4 Removal of NMs during Wastewater Treatment [Go to Page]
- 13.4.1 Preliminary and Primary Treatment
- 13.4.2 Biological Treatment
- 13.4.3 Sludge Treatment and Disposal
- 13.4.4 Other Techniques
- 13.5 Summary
- References
- Chapter 14: Environmental Hazards and Risks of Nanomaterials [Go to Page]
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Overview on Risk Assessment [Go to Page]
- 14.2.1 Hazard Assessment
- 14.2.2 Dose-Response Assessment (DRA)
- 14.2.3 Exposure Assessment (EA)
- 14.2.4 Risk Characterization
- 14.3 Quantitative Nanostructure Toxicity Relationships (QNTR)
- 14.4 World Efforts on Risk Assessment of NMs [Go to Page]
- 14.4.1 The European Commission's Efforts
- 14.4.2 Norwegian Efforts
- 14.4.3 U.S. Regulation Efforts
- 14.5 Challenges in Risk Assessment of NMs
- 14.6 Overcoming the Limitations to Risk Assessment of ENPs
- 14.7 Concluding Remarks
- 14.8 Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 15: Risk Assessment, Life Cycle Assessment, and Decision Methods for Nanomaterials [Go to Page]
- 15.1 Introduction to Risk Assessment Needs and Challenges for Nanomaterials
- 15.2 RA Methods for Nanomaterials [Go to Page]
- 15.2.1 Risk Prioritization and Ranking: Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis
- 15.2.2 Control Banding Nanotool
- 15.2.3 ANSES Control Banding
- 15.2.4 Swiss Precautionary Matrix for Synthetic Nanomaterials
- 15.2.5 Stoffenmanager Nano Risk Banding Tool
- 15.3 Life Cycle Analysis of ENMs
- 15.4 RA Frameworks
- 15.5 Data Needs for RA of ENMs [Go to Page]
- 15.5.1 Data Uses and Trends
- 15.5.2 Known Data and Research Gaps
- 15.5.3 Data Sources
- 15.6 Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 16: Nano-Ecotoxicology of Natural and Engineered Nanomaterials for Animals and Humans [Go to Page]
- 16.1 Introduction
- 16.2 Early Nanoparticles
- 16.3 Engineered Nanoparticles
- 16.4 Natural and ENPs Pathways in Animals and Humans
- 16.5 Ecotoxicity
- 16.6 Ecotoxicity of Nanoparticles on Vertebrates
- 16.7 Ecotoxicity of Nanoparticles on Invertebrates
- 16.8 Nanoparticle Testing
- 16.9 Conclusion and Outlook
- 16.10 Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 17: Nano-Ecotoxicology of Natural and Engineered Nanomaterials for Microorganisms [Go to Page]
- 17.1 Introduction
- 17.2 Mobility of Nanomaterials and Their Bioavailability
- 17.3 Degradability and Removal of ENMs
- 17.4 Toxicity and Ecotoxicity: General Considerations [Go to Page]
- 17.4.1 ROS
- 17.4.2 Ecotoxicity
- 17.4.3 Bioassays-Taking Bioavailability into Account-Genetic Changes
- References
- Chapter 18: Nano-Ecotoxicology of Natural and Engineered Nanoparticles for Plants [Go to Page]
- 18.1 Introduction
- 18.2 Entry and Bioavailability of NPs in Plants
- 18.3 Interaction between NPs and Plants
- 18.4 NPs Phytotoxicity: Morphological and Physiological Data
- 18.5 Bioassays-Taking Bioavailability into Account
- 18.6 NPs and Genotoxicity in Plants
- 18.7 Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 19: Nano-Ecotoxicology of Natural and Engineered Nanomaterials for Different Ecosystems [Go to Page]
- 19.1 Introduction
- 19.2 Toxicity and Ecotoxicity of NPs: An Overview
- 19.3 Ecotoxicity of Several ENPs [Go to Page]
- 19.3.1 C60 fullerenes
- 19.3.2 CNTs
- 19.3.3 Metal and Metal Oxides
- 19.3.4 Quantum Dots
- 19.4 Important Factors to Consider about Nano-ecotoxicity [Go to Page]
- 19.4.1 ROS Formation
- 19.4.2 Mobility of NPs
- 19.4.3 Degradability
- 19.4.4 Bioassays-Taking Bioavailability into Account
- 19.5 Genotoxicity of ENPs/ENMs and Current Methodologies [Go to Page]
- 19.5.1 In Vitro Techniques
- 19.5.2 In Vivo Approaches
- 19.6 Concluding Remarks
- 19.7 Acknowledgment
- References
- Chapter 20: Nanomaterials Associated Metabolomics: Tool and Techniques for Assessment of Nanomaterials in Environmental Matrices [Go to Page]
- 20.1 Introduction
- 20.2 NP Classification
- 20.3 Assessment of NPs in the Environment
- 20.4 Sampling and Separation Techniques [Go to Page]
- 20.4.1 Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)
- 20.4.2 Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis (LC/UPLC)
- 20.4.3 Hydrodynamic Chromatography (HDC)
- 20.4.4 Electrophoresis
- 20.4.5 Centrifugation/Ultracentrifugation
- 20.4.6 Membrane Filtration/Ultrafiltration
- 20.4.7 Field-Flow Fractionation (FFF)
- 20.5 Detection by Multiple Methods [Go to Page]
- 20.5.1 Spectroscopic Analysis (UV-Visible Spectroscopy)
- 20.5.2 Fluorescence Measurements
- 20.5.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
- 20.5.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
- 20.5.5 Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) Laser Ablation-ICP-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for Analysis of Natural NPs
- 20.5.6 Overview of Some Literature Methods for Identification and Characterization of ENPs
- 20.6 Computational Approaches in Nanotechnology: Field of Nanoinformatics
- 20.7 Summary
- 20.8 Nomenclatures
- References
- Chapter 21: Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of Nanotechnology [Go to Page]
- References
- Chapter 22: Responsible Nanotechnology [Go to Page]
- 22.1 Introduction
- 22.2 Background
- 22.3 Responsible Nanotechnology at Manufacturing Scale [Go to Page]
- 22.3.1 Smart Nanomaterials
- 22.3.2 Maximizing Atom Economy
- 22.3.3 Molecular Programming
- 22.3.4 Self-Replicating Nanomaterials
- 22.4 Responsible Nanotechnology for Environmental Remediation [Go to Page]
- 22.4.1 Nanosensors
- 22.4.2 Energy Conservation
- 22.4.3 Life Cycle Responsibility
- 22.5 Socio-Technical Integration Approach
- 22.6 Summary
- References
- Chapter 23: Green Nanomaterials [Go to Page]
- 23.1 Introduction
- 23.2 Green Nanotechnology and Green Nanomaterials
- 23.3 Green Nanomaterials of Daily Uses [Go to Page]
- 23.3.1 Cosmetics
- 23.3.2 Cleaning Agent
- 23.3.3 Pharmaceutical Products
- 23.4 Agricultural Products
- 23.5 Green Nanomaterials in Waste Management [Go to Page]
- 23.5.1 Green-nano Zero Valent Iron (G-nZVI)
- 23.5.2 Advanced Nano Oxidation Process
- 23.6 Green Nanoelectronics [Go to Page]
- 23.6.1 Apple Environmentally-Friendly iPod
- 23.6.2 Portable Green Nanotechnology-Based Water Filter Pitcher
- 23.7 Green Nanocatalysts
- 23.8 Other Green Nanomaterials [Go to Page]
- 23.8.1 Efficient Solar Cells
- 23.8.2 Green Nanocomposites
- 23.9 Real Green Credential of Green Nanotechnology
- 23.10 Concluding Remarks
- References
- Index
[Go to Page]
