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eLibrary > BS 7910:2013+A1:2015 Guide to methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in metallic structures >

BS 7910:2013+A1:2015 Guide to methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in metallic structures, 2016

_GoBack
Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Symbols and definitions
4 Types of flaw
5 General guidance on assessment
6 Information required for assessment
7 Assessment for fracture resistance
8 Assessment for fatigue
9 Assessment of flaws under creep and creep/fatigue conditions
10 Assessment for other modes of failure
Annex A Evaluation under mode I, II and III loads
Annex B Assessment procedures for tubular joints in offshore structures
Annex C Fracture assessment procedures for pressure vessels and pipelines
Annex D Stress due to misalignment
Annex E Flaw recharacterization
Annex F Procedures for leak-before-break (LbB) assessment
Annex G The assessment of locally thinned areas (LTAs)
Annex H Reporting of fracture, fatigue or creep assessments
Annex I The significance of strength mis-match on the fracture behaviour of welded joints
Annex J Use of Charpy V-notch impact tests to estimate fracture toughness
Annex K Probabilistic assessment
Annex L Fracture toughness determination for welds
Annex M Stress intensity factor solutions
Annex N Allowance for constraint effects
Annex O Consideration of proof testing and warm prestressing
Annex P Compendium of reference stress and limit load solutions for homogeneous and strength mis‑matched structures
Annex Q Residual stress distributions in as-welded joints
Annex R Determination of plasticity interaction effects with combined primary and secondary loading
Annex S Information for making high temperature crack growth assessments
Annex T Guidance on the use of NDT with ECA
Annex U Worked examples in fatigue assessment using the quality category approach
Bibliography
Figure 1 Example of integrity management procedure for flaws [Go to Page]
Figure 2 Linearization of stress distributions
Figure 3 Schematic representation of stress distribution across section
Figure 4 Procedure for resolving flaws normal to principal stress
Figure 5 General flowchart for fracture assessment
Figure 6 Flowchart for Option 1 fracture assessment
Figure 7 Flowchart for Option 2 fracture assessment
Figure 8 Flowchart for Option 3 fracture assessment
Figure 9 Flowchart for flaw characterization
Figure 10 Definitions of flaw dimensions
Figure 11 Flaw alignment rules for non-coplanar flaws
Figure 12 Flaw interaction rules for coplanar flaws
Figure 13 De-rating values for yield/proof strength and tensile strength at temperatures above room temperature in C-Mn steels and duplex stainless steels (DSS): (not applicable to 13% Cr steels) from DNV OS F101 [6]
Figure 14 Ductile tearing assessment
Figure 15 Example of non-unique solutions
Figure 16 Schematic crack growth relationships
Figure 17 Recommended fatigue crack growth laws
Figure 18 Quality category S-N curves
Figure 19 Quality category approach: assessment of surface flaws in plates under axial loading
Figure 20 Quality category approach: assessment of surface flaws in flat material (no weld toe or other stress raiser) in bending
Figure 21 Quality category approach: assessment of embedded flaws in axially loaded joints
Figure 22 Quality category approach: assessment of weld toe flaws in axially loaded joints
Figure 23 Quality category approach: assessment of weld toe flaws in joints loaded in bending
Figure 24 Determination of temperature Tc at which 0.2% creep strain is accumulated at a stress level equal to the proof strength
Figure 25 Insignificant creep curves for austenitic steels
Figure 26 Insignificant creep curves for ferritic steels
Figure 27 Schematic behaviour of crack subjected to steady loading at elevated temperature
Figure 28 Schematic representation of crack propagation and failure conditions
Figure 29 Flowchart for overall creep assessment procedure
Figure 30 Schematic diagrams of typical relationships between crack velocity and stress intensity factor during SCC
Figure 31 Types of corrosion fatigue crack growth behaviour
Figure A.1 Definitions of loading modes
Figure B.1 Assessment method for fatigue crack growth in tubular joints
Figure E.1 Rules for recharacterization of flaws
Figure F.1 The leak-before-break diagram
Figure F.2 Flow charts for LbB procedures
Figure F.3 Example characterization of a complex flaw
Figure F.4 Schematic flaw profiles at breakthrough
Figure F.5 Development of flaw shapes for sub-critical growth of surface flaws
Figure F.6 Development of flaw shapes for sub-critical growth of through-wall flaws
Figure F.7 Recommended re-characterization of flaws at breakthrough subjected to ductile tearing loading
Figure G.1 Flow chart of assessment procedure
Figure G.2 Dimensions of an LTA
Figure G.3 Dimensions of a bend
Figure G.4 Dimensions of a sphere and vessel end
Figure G.5 Interaction between LTAs
Figure I.1 Idealized weld geometry – the parent and weld metals have yield strengths of and respectively
Figure I.2 Idealized definition of mis-match ratio, M, and construction of the equivalent stress-strain curve (weighted average of the other two curves)
Figure J.1 Flowchart for selecting an appropriate correlation for estimating fracture toughness from Charpy data
Figure M.1 Through-thickness flaw geometry
Figure M.2 Edge flaw geometry
Figure M.3 Surface flaw
Figure M.4 Elliptical integral as a function of a/2c used for the calculation of KI for surface and embedded flaws
Figure M.5 Stress intensity magnification factor Mm for surface flaws in tension
Figure M.6 Stress intensity magnification factor Mb for surface flaws in bending
Figure M.7 Extended flaw geometry
Figure M.8 Embedded flaw
Figure M.9 Stress intensity magnification factor Mm for embedded flaws in tension (at point nearest material surface)
Figure M.10 Stress intensity magnification factor Mb for embedded flaws in bending
Figure M.11 Corner flaw geometry
Figure M.12 Corner flaw at hole geometry
Figure M.13 Through-thickness flaw in cylinder oriented axially
Figure M.14 Internal surface flaw in cylinder oriented axially
Figure M.15 Extended internal surface flaw in cylinder orientated axially
Figure M.16 External surface flaw in cylinder oriented axially
Figure M.17 Extended axial external surface flaw in cylinder
Figure M.18 Through-thickness flaw in cylinder oriented circumferentially
Figure M.19 Internal surface flaw in cylinder oriented circumferentially
Figure M.20 Fully circumferential internal surface flaw in cylinder
Figure M.21 Fully circumferential external surface flaw in cylinder
Figure M.22 Through-thickness flaw in spherical shell
Figure M.23 Flaws in bars and bolts
Figure M.24 Fully circumferential flaw in a round bar
Figure M.25 Welded joint geometries
Figure M.26 Transverse load-carrying cruciform joint
Figure N.1 Schematic showing curve fitting of low constraint test data to obtain a and k
Figure N.2 Modifications to the Option 1 failure assessment curve for various values of the material parameters, a, k, and constraint levels, b (< 0), using Equation N.23 with k = 3. For a = 0 or b = 0 the curves reduce to the Option 1 curve
Figure N.3 FAD analysis for (a) fracture initiation and (b) ductile tearing
Figure O.1 Schematic illustration of a proof test argument (following [3])
Figure O.2 Typical warm prestress cycles
Figure P.1 Double edge cracked plate under tension
Figure P.2 Extended embedded flaw in a plate
Figure P.3 Circumferential internal and external surface flaws in thick-walled cylinders under combined tension and bending
Figure P.4 T and Y joints under a) axial load, b) in-plane and out-of-plane bending
Figure P.5 K joints under a) axial load and b) in-plane and out-of-plane bending
Figure P.6 X and DT joints under a) axial load and b) in-plane and out-of-plane bending
Figure P.7 Classification of plasticity deformation patterns for mis-matched structures, [367]
Figure P.8 Centre cracked plate under tension w = (W − a)/h
Figure P.9 Double edge cracked plate under tension
Figure P.10 Single edge cracked plate under pure bending
Figure P.11 Fully circumferential internal flaws in thin-walled pipes/cylinders under tension
Figure P.12 Centre through-thickness flaws in clad plates under tension [372], [373]
Figure P.13 Through-thickness flaw in a clad plate with repair weld
Figure Q.1 Components of longitudinal residual stress distribution for plate butt welds and pipe axial seam welds (austenitic steel)
Figure Q.2 Components of transverse stress distribution for plate butt welds and axial seam welds (austenitic and ferritic steels)
Figure Q.3 Components of longitudinal stress distribution for pipe butt welds (ferritic and austenitic steels)
Figure Q.4 Components of transverse stress distribution for pipe butt welds (ferritic steels)
Figure Q.5 Components of longitudinal stress distribution for plate to plate T-butt welds (ferritic steels)
Figure Q.6 Components of transverse stress distribution for plate to plate T-butt welds (austenitic and ferritic steels)
Figure Q.7 Components of longitudinal stress distribution for tubular T-butt welds (ferritic steels)
Figure Q.8 Components of transverse stress distribution for tubular T-butt welds (ferritic steels)
Figure Q.9 Residual stress profile for repair welds (transverse and longitudinal)
Figure Q.10 Finite surface crack in an infinite width plate
Figure Q.11 Extended surface flaw in an infinite width plate
Figure R.1 Non-dimensional stress intensity factors for through-thickness flaws with through-wall self‑balancing stress distributions
Figure S.1 General form of a creep curve defining the average and secondary creep strain rates
Figure S.2 Derivation of strain versus time curves from iso-strain curves
Figure T.1 Assessment of flaw tolerance using ECA
Figure T.2 Assessment of detected flaw
Figure U.1 Butt weld containing embedded flaw
Figure U.2 Derivation of actual quality category for a flaw
Figure U.3 Fillet weld containing a surface flaw
Figure U.4 Obtaining the required quality category
Figure U.5 Obtaining the quality category for the flaw
Table 1 Symbols
Table 2 Coefficient of variation (COV) for tensile properties for ferritic steels
Table 3 Elastic modulus
Table 4 Guidance for determining whether yielding is continuous or discontinuous
Table 5 Minimum of three equivalent (MOTE)
Table 6 Values of k0.90 at the lower 20th percentile for the one sided tolerance limit for a normal distribution
Table 7 Limits for slag inclusions and porosity
Table 8 Procedure for assessment of known flaws
Table 9 Stress ranges used in fatigue assessments
Table 10 Recommended fatigue crack growth laws for steels in air A)
Table 11 Recommended fatigue crack growth laws for steels in a marine environments A)
Table 12 Recommended fatigue crack growth threshold, DK0, values for assessing welded joints
Table 13 Details of quality category S-N curves
Table 14 Minimum values of Drj for assessing non-planar flaws and shape imperfections
Table 15 Limits for non-planar flaws in as welded steel and aluminium alloy weldments
Table 16 Limits for non-planar flaws in steel weldments stress relieved by PWHT
Table 17 Acceptance levels for misalignment expressed in terms of stress magnification factor, km
Table 18 Acceptance levels for weld toe undercut in material thicknesses from 10 mm to 40 mm
Table 19 Temperature below which creep is negligible in 200,000 h
Table D.1 Formulae for calculating the bending stress due to misalignment in butt joints
Table D.2 Formulae for calculating the bending stress due to misalignment in cruciform joints
Table F.1 Guidance on selection of assessment sites around a pipe system
Table F.2 Advice on growth of surface flaws [160]
Table F.3 Advice on growth of through-wall defects [160]
Table F.4 Crack opening area methods for simple geometries and loading
Table F.5 Summary of short wave length surface roughness values [208]
Table F.6 Particulates in primary system water
Table K.1 Uncertainties in Paris parameter A
Table K.2 Uncertainties in Paris parameter A for the two stage model
Table K.3 Target failure probability (events/year)
Table K.4 Recommended partial factors for different combinations of target reliability and variability of input data based on failure on the FAD
Table M.1 a) M1 for axial through-thickness in cylinders: membrane loading
Table M.1 b) M2 for axial through-thickness flaws in cylinders: membrane loading
Table M.1 c) M3 for axial through-thickness flaws in cylinders: bending loading
Table M.1 d) M4 for axial through-thickness flaws in cylinders: bending loading
Table M.2 Mm and Mb for axial internal surface flaw in cylinder
Table M.3 Mm and Mb for extended axial internal surface flaw in cylinder
Table M.4 Mm and Mb for axial external surface flaw in cylinder
Table M.5 Mm and Mb for extended axial external surface flaw in cylinder
Table M.6a) M1 for circumferential through-thickness flaws in cylinders: membrane loading
Table M.6b) M2 for circumferential through-thickness flaws in cylinders: membrane loading
Table M.6c) M3 for circumferential through-thickness flaws in cylinders: bending loading
Table M.6d) M4 for circumferential through-thickness flaws in cylinders: bending loading
Table M.7 Mm and Mb for circumferential internal surface flaw in cylinder
Table M.8 Mm and Mb for extended circumferential internal surface flaw in cylindrical shell
Table M.9 Influence coefficients at points A and B for an equatorial through‑thickness flaw in a sphere
Table M.12 Values of v and w for axial and bending loading
Table N.1 Polynomial coefficients defining bT for CCT [326 to 328]
Table N.2 Polynomial coefficients defining bT for CCBT
Table N.3 Polynomial coefficients defining bT for DECT [311], [326], [328]
Table N.4 Polynomial coefficients defining bT for SECT
Table N.5 Polynomial coefficients defining bT for SEB [311, 326, 328]
Table N.6 Polynomial coefficients defining bT for 3PB
Table N.7 Polynomial coefficients defining bT for SCT [329]
Table N.8 Polynomial coefficients defining bT for SCB [329]
Table N.9 Polynomial coefficients defining bT for CISLCCT [326], [330]
Table N.10 Polynomial coefficients defining bT for CISSCCBT [331]
Table N.11 Polynomial coefficients defining bT for CISSCCT [331]
Table N.12 a and k defined with respect to T/rY for n = 5
Table N.13 a and k defined with respect to T/rY for n = 6
Table N.14 a and k defined with respect to T/rY for n = 7
Table N.15 a and k defined with respect to T/rY for n = 8
Table N.16 a and k defined with respect to T/rY for n = 9
Table N.17 a and k defined with respect to T/rY for n = 10
Table N.18 a and k defined with respect to T/rY for n = 11
Table N.19 a and k defined with respect to T/rY for n = 12
Table N.20 a and k defined with respect to T/rY for n = 13
Table N.21 a and k defined with respect to T/rY for n = 14
Table N.22 a and k defined with respect to T/rY for n = 15
Table N.23 a and k defined with respect to T/rY for n = 16
Table N.24 a and k defined with respect to T/rY for n = 17
Table N.25 a and k defined with respect to T/rY for n = 18
Table N.26 a and k defined with respect to T/rY for n = 19
Table N.27 a and k defined with respect to T/rY for n = 20
Table N.28 a and k defined with respect to Q for n = 5
Table N.29 a and k defined with respect to Q for n = 6
Table N.30 a and k defined with respect to Q for n = 7
Table N.31 a and k defined with respect to Q for n = 8
Table N.32 a and k defined with respect to Q for n = 9
Table N.33 a and k defined with respect to Q for n = 10
Table N.34 a and k defined with respect to Q for n = 11
Table N.35 a and k defined with respect to Q for n = 12
Table N.36 a and k defined with respect to Q for n = 13
Table N.37 a and k defined with respect to Q for n = 14
Table N.38 a and k defined with respect to Q for n = 15
Table N.39 a and k defined with respect to Q for n = 16
Table N.40 a and k defined with respect to Q for n = 17
Table N.41 a and k defined with respect to Q for n = 18
Table N.42 a and k defined with respect to Q for n = 19
Table N.43 a and k defined with respect to Q for n = 20
Table P.1 Calculation of bending stresses as functions of moments
Table P.2 Values of v for bending loading
Table P.3 Coefficient Qu for various joint design classifications
Table Q.0 Validity ranges for as-welded residual stress distributions in ferritic steels
Table Q.1 Components of longitudinal stress and for plate butt welds and pipe axial seam welds (austenitic steel)
Table Q.2 Components of transverse stress and for plate butt welds and axial seam welds (austenitic and ferritic steels)
Table Q.3 Components of longitudinal stress and for pipe butt welds (ferritic and austenitic steels)
Table Q.4 Components of transverse stress and for pipe butt welds (ferritic steel)
Table Q.5 Components of transverse stresses and for pipe butt welds (austenitic steel)
Table Q.6 Components of longitudinal stress and for plate to plate T-butt welds (ferritic steels)
Table Q.7 Components of transverse stress and for plate to plate T-butt welds (ferritic and austenitic steels) and longitudinal stress and for plate to plate T-butt welds (austenitic steels)
Table Q.8 Components of longitudinal stress and for tubular T-butt welds (ferritic steels)
Table Q.9 Components of transverse stress and for tubular T-butt welds (ferritic steels)
Table Q.10 Components of transverse and longitudinal stress distribution for repair welds (ferritic and austenitic steels)
Table Q.11 Geometry functions for a finite surface flaw in an infinite width plate – deepest point of the flaw
Table Q.12 Geometry functions for a finite surface flaw in an infinite width plate – intersection of flaw with free surface
Table Q.13 Geometry functions for an extended surface flaw in an infinite width plate
Table S.1 Mean uniaxial creep properties for different steels for short (<10 000 h) and long term tests
Table S.2 Constants used to derive creep crack growth rates in mm/h and C* in MPamh−1
Table T.2 Examples of inspection capabilities for back surface flaws
Table T.3 Examples of inspection capabilities for flaws at the accessible surface
Table T.4 Capabilities for detection and length measurement of surface-breaking flaws by MPI ([416])
Table T.5 Flaw detection capability for liquid penetrant testing [444, 445] [Go to Page]

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