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eLibrary > BS EN 1998-4:2025 Eurocode 8. Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Silos, tanks, pipelines, towers, masts and chimneys >

BS EN 1998-4:2025 Eurocode 8. Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Silos, tanks, pipelines, towers, masts and chimneys, 2025

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European foreword
0 Introduction [Go to Page]
0.1 Introduction to the Eurocodes
0.2 Introduction to EN 1998 (all parts)
0.3 Introduction to EN 1998-4
0.4 Verbal forms used in the Eurocodes
0.5 National annex for EN 1998-4
1 Scope [Go to Page]
1.1 Scope of EN 1998-4
1.2 Assumptions
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions and symbols [Go to Page]
3.1 Terms and definitions [Go to Page]
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.1.6
3.1.7
3.1.8
3.1.9
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations [Go to Page]
3.2.1 Symbols [Go to Page]
3.2.1.1 Symbols used in Clause 5
3.2.1.2 Symbols used in Clause 6
3.2.1.3 Symbols used in Clause 7
3.2.1.4 Symbols used in Clause 8
3.2.1.5 Symbols used in Clause 9
3.2.1.6 Symbols used in Clause 10
3.2.1.7 Symbols used in Annex A
3.2.1.8 Symbols used in Annex B
3.2.1.9 Symbols used in Annex D
3.2.1.10 Symbols used in Annex E
3.2.2 Abbreviations
3.3 S.I. Units
4 Basis of design [Go to Page]
4.1 Performance requirements
4.2 Consequence classes
4.3 Limit states and associated seismic actions
4.4 Modelling and methods of analysis
4.5 Combination of the effects of the components of the seismic action
4.6 Material requirements [Go to Page]
4.6.1 Design to DC1, DC2 and DC3
4.6.2 Safety verifications
4.7 Verification to limit states [Go to Page]
4.7.1 General
4.7.2 Verification of Significant Damage (SD) limit state
4.7.3 Verification of Damage Limitation (DL) limit state
4.7.4 Verification of Fully Operational (OP) limit state
5 Rules for silos [Go to Page]
5.1 Scope and field of application
5.2 Basis of design [Go to Page]
5.2.1 Design concept
5.2.2 Safety verification
5.3 Modelling and structural analysis [Go to Page]
5.3.1 Modelling
5.3.2 Structural analysis
5.3.3 Behaviour factors [Go to Page]
5.3.3.1 Behaviour factor for the horizontal components of the seismic action [Go to Page]
5.3.3.1.1 Silos
5.3.3.1.2 Substructures of elevated silos
5.3.3.2 Behaviour factor for the vertical component of the seismic action
5.4 Seismic loads according to the force-based approach [Go to Page]
5.4.1 Total base shear, overturning moment and vertical reaction force at the silo bottom
5.4.2 Seismic pressures on silo walls and hoppers due to the horizontal seismic actions [Go to Page]
5.4.2.1 Reference normal pressure
5.4.2.2 Loads on walls in circular silos
5.4.2.3 Loads on walls in rectangular silos or silo compartments
5.4.2.4 Loads on silo walls and hoppers due to vertical components of seismic actions
5.4.2.5 Superposition with pressure on the silo wall
5.5 Verification to limit states [Go to Page]
5.5.1 General
5.5.2 Verification of Significant Damage (SD) limit state [Go to Page]
5.5.2.1 General
5.5.2.2 Global stability
5.5.2.3 Foundations
5.5.2.4 Silo shell and hopper
5.5.2.5 Substructures of elevated silos
5.5.2.6 Anchorage systems
5.5.2.7 Inlets, outlets, pipes and ancillary elements
5.5.3 Verification of Damage Limitation (DL) limit state
5.5.4 Verification of Fully Operational (OP) limit state
6 Rules for tanks [Go to Page]
6.1 Scope and field of application
6.2 Basis of design [Go to Page]
6.2.1 Design concept
6.2.2 Safety verification
6.3 Modelling and structural analysis [Go to Page]
6.3.1 Modelling
6.3.2 Structural analysis
6.3.3 Behaviour factors [Go to Page]
6.3.3.1 Behaviour factor for the horizontal components of the seismic action [Go to Page]
6.3.3.1.1 Above-ground tanks
6.3.3.1.2 Substructures of elevated tanks
6.3.3.2 Behaviour factor for the vertical component of the seismic action
6.4 Seismic loads according to the force-based approach for vertical cylindrical tanks [Go to Page]
6.4.1 Above ground anchored tanks [Go to Page]
6.4.1.1 Total base shear, overturning moment and vertical reaction force at tank bottom [Go to Page]
6.4.1.1.1 Impulsive rigid support reactions
6.4.1.1.2 Convective support reactions
6.4.1.1.3 Impulsive flexible support reactions
6.4.1.1.4 Support reactions due to mass inertia effects for the impulsive rigid vibration mode
6.4.1.1.5 Support reactions due to mass inertia effects for the impulsive flexible vibration mode
6.4.1.2 Seismic pressures on tank wall and bottom [Go to Page]
6.4.1.2.1 Impulsive rigid pressure component for horizontal seismic actions
6.4.1.2.2 Impulsive rigid pressure component for vertical seismic actions
6.4.1.2.3 Convective pressure component for horizontal seismic actions
6.4.1.2.4 Impulsive flexible pressure component for horizontal seismic actions
6.4.1.2.5 Impulsive flexible pressure component for vertical seismic actions
6.4.1.3 Mass inertia effects in the vibration modes [Go to Page]
6.4.1.3.1 Inertia effects due to tank mass in the impulsive flexible vibration mode
6.4.1.3.2 Inertia effects due to tank mass in the impulsive rigid vibration mode
6.4.1.4 Fundamental periods of vibrations [Go to Page]
6.4.1.4.1 Convective vibration mode
6.4.1.4.2 Impulsive rigid vibration mode in horizontal direction
6.4.1.4.3 Impulsive rigid vibration mode in vertical direction
6.4.1.4.4 Impulsive flexible mode in horizontal direction
6.4.1.4.5 Impulsive flexible mode in vertical direction
6.4.1.5 Impulsive rigid and convective masses and lever arms
6.4.1.6 Convective wave height
6.4.2 Above ground unanchored tanks
6.5 Seismic loads according to the force-based approach for vertical rectangular tanks [Go to Page]
6.5.1 Above ground anchored tanks [Go to Page]
6.5.1.1 Total base shear, overturning moment and vertical reaction force [Go to Page]
6.5.1.1.1 Impulsive rigid support reactions
6.5.1.1.2 Convective support reactions
6.5.1.1.3 Impulsive flexible support reactions
6.5.1.1.4 Support reactions due to mass inertia effects in impulsive rigid vibration mode
6.5.1.1.5 Support reactions due to mass inertia effects in impulsive flexible vibration mode
6.5.1.2 Seismic pressures [Go to Page]
6.5.1.2.1 Impulsive rigid pressure component for horizontal seismic actions
6.5.1.2.2 Impulsive rigid pressure component for vertical seismic actions
6.5.1.2.3 Convective pressure component for horizontal seismic actions
6.5.1.2.4 Impulsive flexible pressure component for horizontal and vertical seismic actions
6.5.1.2.5 Mass inertia effects due to tank mass for impulsive flexible and rigid vibration modes
6.5.1.3 Fundamental periods of vibrations [Go to Page]
6.5.1.3.1 Convective vibration mode
6.5.1.3.2 Impulsive vibration modes in horizontal and vertical direction
6.5.1.3.3 Impulsive flexible vibration mode in horizontal direction
6.5.1.3.4 Impulsive flexible vibration mode in vertical direction
6.5.1.4 Impulsive and convective masses and lever arms
6.5.1.5 Convective wave height
6.5.2 Above ground unanchored tanks
6.6 Seismic loads according to the force-based approach for horizontal cylindrical tanks [Go to Page]
6.6.1 Assumptions
6.6.2 Total base shear, overturning moment and vertical reaction force at tank bottom
6.6.3 Seismic pressures
6.6.4 Fundamental periods of vibrations
6.6.5 Impulsive rigid and convective masses and lever arms
6.7 Seismic loads according to the force-based approach for elevated tanks [Go to Page]
6.7.1 Calculation with floor response spectra
6.7.2 Total base shear, overturning moment and vertical reaction force of rigid elevated tanks [Go to Page]
6.7.2.1 General
6.7.2.2 Convective support reactions
6.7.2.3 Impulsive rigid support reactions
6.7.2.4 Support reactions due to mass inertia effects
6.8 Seismic loads according to the force-based approach for spherical tanks [Go to Page]
6.8.1 Total base shear, overturning moment and vertical reaction force at tank bottom [Go to Page]
6.8.1.1 Impulsive rigid support reactions
6.8.1.2 Convective support reactions
6.8.1.3 Support reactions due to mass inertia effects
6.8.2 Fundamental periods of vibrations [Go to Page]
6.8.2.1 Convective vibration mode
6.8.2.2 Impulsive rigid vibration mode in horizontal direction
6.9 Seismic actions on embedded tanks
6.10 Superposition of horizontal and vertical hydrodynamic seismic pressures [Go to Page]
6.10.1 Superposition of horizontal pressure components due to different modes of response
6.10.2 Superposition of vertical pressure components due to different modes of response
6.10.3 Superposition of resulting pressures in horizontal and vertical directions
6.11 Superposition of base shear, overturning moment and vertical reaction force [Go to Page]
6.11.1 Superposition of base shear
6.11.2 Superposition of the overturning moments
6.12 Verification to limit states [Go to Page]
6.12.1 General
6.12.2 Verification of Significant Damage (SD) limit state [Go to Page]
6.12.2.1 General
6.12.2.2 Global verifications and requirements
6.12.2.3 Global stability
6.12.2.4 Foundations
6.12.2.5 Tank shell
6.12.2.6 Substructures of elevated tanks
6.12.2.7 Anchorage systems
6.12.2.8 Leak tightness, freeboard and hydraulic systems of the tank
6.12.2.9 Inlets, outlets and ancillary elements
6.12.3 Verification of Damage Limitation (DL) limit state
6.12.4 Verification of Fully Operational (OP) limit state
7 Rules for above-ground pipelines [Go to Page]
7.1 Scope and field of application
7.2 Basis of design [Go to Page]
7.2.1 Design concept
7.2.2 Safety verification
7.3 Modelling and structural analysis [Go to Page]
7.3.1 Modelling
7.3.2 Structural analysis [Go to Page]
7.3.2.1 Force-based approach
7.3.2.2 Displacement-based approach
7.4 Actions and combination of actions in the seismic design situation
7.5 Behaviour factors [Go to Page]
7.5.1 Behaviour factor for the horizontal components of the seismic action [Go to Page]
7.5.1.1 Above-ground pipelines
7.5.1.2 Substructures
7.5.1.3 Behaviour factor for the vertical component of the seismic action
7.5.2 Seismic loads [Go to Page]
7.5.2.1 Seismic Analysis of above-ground pipelines with multiple supports on foundations
7.5.2.2 Seismic analysis of above ground pipelines with substructures
7.5.2.3 Permanent ground deformations [Go to Page]
7.5.2.3.1 Fault crossings
7.5.2.3.2 Liquefaction induced phenomena
7.5.2.3.3 Slope stability
7.5.2.3.4 Landslides
7.5.2.3.5 Soil settlements
7.6 Verification to limit states [Go to Page]
7.6.1 General
7.6.2 Verification of Significant Damage (SD) limit state [Go to Page]
7.6.2.1 General
7.6.2.2 Global Stability
7.6.2.3 Pipeline
7.6.2.4 Substructures of elevated pipelines
7.6.2.5 Foundations
7.6.2.6 Anchorage systems
7.6.3 Verification of Damage Limitation (DL) limit state
7.6.4 Verification of Fully Operational (OP) limit state
8 Rules for buried pipelines [Go to Page]
8.1 Scope and field of application
8.2 Basis of design [Go to Page]
8.2.1 Design concept
8.2.2 Safety verification
8.3 Modelling and structural analysis [Go to Page]
8.3.1 Modelling [Go to Page]
8.3.1.1 No-slippage straight buried pipeline sections
8.3.1.2 Buried pipelines with or without bends
8.3.2 Structural analysis
8.3.3 Seismic loads [Go to Page]
8.3.3.1 Wave propagation [Go to Page]
8.3.3.1.1 General
8.3.3.1.2 Strain analysis of straight buried pipelines
8.3.3.1.3 Non-linear response-history analysis for buried pipelines with or without bends
8.3.3.2 Permanent ground deformations [Go to Page]
8.3.3.2.1 Fault crossing for straight lines of buried pipelines
8.3.3.2.2 Fault crossing for buried pipelines with or without bends
8.3.3.2.3 Liquefaction induced phenomena
8.3.3.2.4 Lateral spreading and landslides
8.3.3.2.5 Lateral spreading and landslides for buried pipelines with or without bends
8.3.3.2.6 Slope stability
8.3.3.2.7 Soil settlements
8.4 Actions and combination of actions in the seismic design situation
8.5 Verification to limit states [Go to Page]
8.5.1 General
8.5.2 Verification of Significant Damage (SD) limit state [Go to Page]
8.5.2.1 General
8.5.2.2 Steel pipelines
8.5.2.3 Unreinforced, reinforced, and prestressed concrete pipelines
8.5.2.4 Integrity requirement and ancillary elements
8.5.3 Verification of Damage Limitation (DL) limit state
8.5.4 Verification of Fully Operational (OP) limit state
9 Rules for ancillary elements in industrial facilities [Go to Page]
9.1 Scope and field of application
9.2 Basis of design [Go to Page]
9.2.1 Design concept
9.2.2 Safety verification
9.3 Modelling and structural analysis [Go to Page]
9.3.1 Modelling
9.3.2 Structural analysis
9.3.3 Seismic loads [Go to Page]
9.3.3.1 General
9.3.3.2 Non-dissipative design approach
9.3.3.3 Dissipative design approach
9.4 Verification to limit states [Go to Page]
9.4.1 General
9.4.2 Verification of Significant Damage (SD) limit state
9.4.3 Verification of Damage Limitation (DL) limit state
9.4.4 Verification of Fully Operational (OP) limit state
10 Rules for towers, masts and chimneys [Go to Page]
10.1 Scope and field of application
10.2 Basis of design
10.3 Modelling and structural analysis [Go to Page]
10.3.1 Modelling [Go to Page]
10.3.1.1 General
10.3.1.2 Masses
10.3.1.3 Stiffness
10.3.1.4 Damping
10.3.2 Structural analysis
10.3.3 Behaviour factors
10.3.4 Behaviour factors for systems with base isolation or energy dissipation systems
10.4 Verification to limit states [Go to Page]
10.4.1 Verification of Significant Damage (SD) limit state [Go to Page]
10.4.1.1 General
10.4.1.2 Second-order effects
10.4.1.3 Steel Connections
10.4.1.4 Stability
10.4.1.5 Foundations
10.4.1.6 Guys and fittings
10.4.1.7 Thermal effects
10.4.2 Verification of Damage Limitation (DL) limit state [Go to Page]
10.4.2.1 General
10.4.2.2 Damage limitation criteria for chimneys
10.4.2.3 Damage limitation criteria for towers and masts
10.4.3 Verification of Fully Operational (OP) limit state
10.5 Specific rules for reinforced concrete chimneys [Go to Page]
10.5.1 General
10.5.2 Design for dissipative behaviour
10.5.3 Minimum reinforcement (vertical and horizontal)
10.5.4 Minimum reinforcement around openings
10.6 Specific rules for steel chimneys [Go to Page]
10.6.1 General
10.6.2 Design for dissipative behaviour
10.6.3 Materials
10.6.4 Connections
10.7 Specific rules for steel towers [Go to Page]
10.7.1 General
10.7.2 Materials
10.7.3 Design for dissipative behaviour [Go to Page]
10.7.3.1 General
10.7.3.2 Design of towers with concentric bracings
10.7.3.3 Specific rules for the design of electrical transmission towers
10.7.4 Other design rules
Annex A (normative) Pressure functions and tables for the seismic design of tanks [Go to Page]
A.1 Use of this annex
A.2 Scope and field of application
A.3 Convective pressure
A.4 Impulsive rigid pressure for horizontal seismic actions
A.5 Impulsive flexible pressure for horizontal seismic actions
A.6 Impulsive flexible pressure for vertical seismic actions
A.7 Tables and diagrams of dimensionless pressure functions
Annex B (informative) Soil-structure interaction effects for tanks [Go to Page]
B.1 Use of this annex
B.2 Scope and field of application
B.3 Impulsive rigid vibration mode in horizontal direction
B.4 Impulsive rigid vibration mode in vertical direction
B.5 Impulsive flexible vibration mode in horizontal direction
B.6 Impulsive flexible vibration mode in vertical direction
Annex C (informative) General design considerations for buried pipelines [Go to Page]
C.1 Use of this annex
C.2 Scope and field of application
C.3 General design consideration for buried pipelines
Annex D (informative) Modelling of soil-structure interaction for buried pipelines [Go to Page]
D.1 Use of this annex
D.2 Scope and field of application
D.3 Characteristics of spring elements
D.4 Analytical relations of the spring model [Go to Page]
D.4.1 General
D.4.2 Axial spring model
D.4.3 Transverse spring model in horizontal direction
D.4.4 Transverse spring model in vertical direction
Annex E (informative) Design differential surface displacement at pipeline – fault crossing [Go to Page]
E.1 Use of this annex
E.2 Scope and field of application
E.3 Differential surface displacements at pipeline – fault crossings
Annex F (informative) Number of degrees of freedom and of modes of vibration for dynamic analysis of towers, masts and chimneys [Go to Page]
F.1 Use of this annex
F.2 Scope and field of application
F.3 Modelling and analysis
Annex G (informative) Masonry chimneys [Go to Page]
G.1 Use of this annex
G.2 Scope and field of application
G.3 Modelling and analysis
G.4 Design detailing [Go to Page]
G.4.1 Footings and foundations
G.4.2 Minimum vertical reinforcement
G.4.3 Minimum horizontal reinforcement
G.4.4 Minimum seismic anchorage
G.4.5 Cantilevering
G.4.6 Changes in dimension
G.4.7 Offsets
G.4.8 Wall thickness
Annex M (informative) Material or product properties in EN 1998-4 [Go to Page]
M.1 Use of this annex
M.2 Scope and field of application
Bibliography [Go to Page]

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