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IEC/TR 63319:2025 A meta-modelling analysis approach to smart manufacturing reference models, 2025
- CONTENTS
- FOREWORD
- INTRODUCTION
- 1 Scope
- 2 Normative references
- 3 Terms and definitions, abbreviated terms, acronyms and conventions [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Terms and definitions
- 3.2 Convention used for term and definition selection
- 3.3 Abbreviations and acronyms
- 3.4 Conventions used for selected references
- 4 Smart manufacturing (SM) [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Introduction to and vision of SM
- 4.2 SM characteristics and differences from conventional manufacturing
- 4.3 Essential concepts and enabling technologies for SM [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1 SM categories
- 4.3.2 Generic methods
- 4.3.3 Applications in the manufacturing domain
- 4.3.4 Information and communication technologies
- 5 Smart manufacturing reference model (SMRM) [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Need for a SMRM
- 5.2 Objectives in more detail
- 5.3 SMRM focus
- 5.4 Reference modelling
- 5.5 Usage of a reference model: the OSI model
- 5.6 SMRM harmonization needs
- 5.7 SMRM abstraction stack
- 6 SMRM meta-modelling approach [Go to Page]
- 6.1 General
- 6.2 Objectives
- 6.3 Assumptions, constraints and guidance [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 Assumptions
- 6.3.2 Constraints
- 6.3.3 Guidance
- 6.4 Concepts [Go to Page]
- 6.4.1 General
- 6.4.2 Concepts of the meta-model
- 6.4.3 Proposition of the meta-model for SMRM
- 6.5 Meta-model for SMRM visualization
- 6.6 *Facet_composition_rules and *aspect_collection_coherence_rules
- 6.7 Utilizing the meta-model concept of use case [Go to Page]
- 6.7.1 General
- 6.7.2 *Use_cases for articulating concerns
- 6.7.3 *Viewpoints capture concerns and specify views
- 6.7.4 Examples of *model_content_purpose
- 7 Mapping of the contributions for SMRMs to the SMRM meta-model [Go to Page]
- 7.1 General
- 7.2 Mapping for Scandinavian smart manufacturing model [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1 Graphical depiction of SSIF mapping
- 7.2.2 SSIF *facet_composition_rule
- 7.2.3 Business dimension *aspect_collection
- 7.2.4 Product dimension *aspect_collection
- 7.2.5 Production dimension *aspect_collection
- 7.2.6 Space Time dimension (Life cycle) *aspect_collection
- 7.3 Mapping for RAMI 4.0 [Go to Page]
- 7.3.1 Graphical depiction of RAMI 4.0 mapping
- 7.3.2 RAMI 4.0 – *facet_composition_rule
- 7.3.3 Service oriented architecture as a universal technical approach
- 7.3.4 Layers *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.3.5 Hierarchy Levels *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.3.6 Life cycle *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.4 Mapping for IMSA [Go to Page]
- 7.4.1 Graphical depiction of IMSA mapping
- 7.4.2 System Hierarchy *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.4.3 Life Cycle *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.4.4 Intelligent Function *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.5 Mapping for ISO 15704:2019, Annex B – GERAM [Go to Page]
- 7.5.1 Graphical depiction of ISO 15704:2019, Annex B – GERAM
- 7.5.2 GERAM *facet_composition_rules
- 7.5.3 Life cycle phases *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.5.4 Modelling viewpoints *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.5.5 Instantiation *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.5.6 Manifestation *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.5.7 Purpose *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.5.8 Implementation *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.6 Mapping for NIST Smart Manufacturing Standards Landscape [Go to Page]
- 7.6.1 Graphical depiction of NIST Smart Manufacturing Standards Landscape mapping
- 7.6.2 NIST *facet_composition_rules
- 7.6.3 Business life cycle *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.6.4 Product life cycle *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.6.5 Production life cycle *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.6.6 Manufacturing pyramid *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.7 Mapping for KSTEP cube framework [Go to Page]
- 7.7.1 Graphical depiction of KSTEP cube framework mapping
- 7.7.2 Space axis 1 *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.7.3 Space axis 2 *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.7.4 Time axis t *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.8 Mapping for IVRA Next [Go to Page]
- 7.8.1 Graphical depiction of IVRA Next mapping
- 7.8.2 Three axes of SM facet and SMU facet composition rules
- 7.8.3 Product axis (thing) *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.8.4 Service axis (occurrence) *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.8.5 Knowledge axis *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.8.6 Asset view *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.8.7 Management view *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.8.8 Activity view *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.9 Mapping for IIC Industrial Internet Reference Architecture [Go to Page]
- 7.9.1 Graphical depiction of IIC IIRA mapping
- 7.10 Mapping for Smart Manufacturing Standards Map (SM2) [Go to Page]
- 7.10.1 Graphical depiction of Smart Manufacturing Standards Map (SM2)
- 7.10.2 SM2 *facet_composition_rules
- 7.11 Mapping for URM-MM [Go to Page]
- 7.11.1 Graphical depiction of URM-MM
- 7.11.2 URM-MM *facet_composition_rules
- 7.11.3 Model/Organization *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 7.11.4 URM-MM *aspect_collection_coherence_rule
- 8 Analysis of particular collections of aspects [Go to Page]
- 8.1 Identification of a set of common *aspects_collections
- 8.2 Life cycle [Go to Page]
- 8.2.1 General
- 8.2.2 Overview on contributions for SMRMs
- 8.2.3 Particularities of contributions for SMRMs with respect to life cycle
- 8.2.4 Fundamental questions concerning life cycle aspects of a SMRM
- 8.2.5 Observed consequences to the life cycle questions
- 8.2.6 Outlook
- 8.3 Hierarchy [Go to Page]
- 8.3.1 General
- 8.3.2 Overview on contributions for SMRMs with respect to hierarchy
- 8.3.3 Particularities of contributions for SMRMs with respect to hierarchy
- 8.3.4 Fundamental questions concerning hierarchy aspects of a SMRM
- 8.3.5 Observed consequences to the hierarchy questions
- 8.3.6 Outlook
- 8.4 Layer [Go to Page]
- 8.4.1 General
- 8.4.2 Overview on contributions for SMRMs
- 8.4.3 Particularities of contributions for SMRMs with respect to layer
- 8.4.4 Fundamental questions concerning layer aspects of a SMRM
- 8.4.5 Observed consequences to the layer questions
- 8.4.6 Outlook
- 8.5 Additional aspects [Go to Page]
- 8.5.1 General
- 8.5.2 Fundamental questions concerning additional *aspect_collections of a SMRM
- 8.5.3 Observed consequences to the additional *aspect_collections questions
- 9 Toward a family of SMRM representations [Go to Page]
- 9.1 Expectations for a unifying SMRM
- 9.2 Identification of generic (timeless) principles for SMRM
- 9.3 Structurally addressing the missing smart technologies
- 9.4 Observations from mapping and analysis
- 9.5 Candidate *aspect_collection_coherence_rules and *facet_composition_rules
- 9.6 The family of SMRM representations
- 9.7 The case for *use_case
- 9.8 Approaching creation of the SMRM
- Annex A (informative) Objectives and terms of reference for JWG 21 [Go to Page]
- A.1 Objectives
- A.2 Terms of reference
- Annex B (informative) Contributions for SMRMs [Go to Page]
- B.1 RAMI [Go to Page]
- B.1.1 General
- B.1.2 Layer axis
- B.1.3 Life cycle axis in RAMI 4.0
- B.2 IMSA [Go to Page]
- B.2.1 Intelligent manufacturing system framework
- B.2.2 Life cycle
- B.2.3 System hierarchy
- B.2.4 Intelligence characteristics
- B.2.5 Structural diagram of intelligent manufacturing standard system
- B.3 GERAM [Go to Page]
- B.3.1 Rationale for enterprise-reference architecture and methodologies
- B.3.2 Generalized enterprise-reference architecture and methodologies
- B.3.3 Framework for enterprise architecture and enterprise integration
- B.4 NIST Smart Manufacturing EcoSystem and Standards Landscape
- B.5 KSTEP cube framework for standards [Go to Page]
- B.5.1 Skeleton meta-model
- B.5.2 KSTEP cube framework
- B.6 IVRA Next [Go to Page]
- B.6.1 General
- B.6.2 Overview
- B.6.3 Evolutional Model in Manufacturing
- B.7 ISO/TC 184 Automation systems and integration – the Big Picture of standards (ISO TR 23087:2018 [40]) [Go to Page]
- B.7.1 History
- B.7.2 Purpose
- B.7.3 Summary of axis and facets of the ISO/TC 184 Big picture of standards diagram and matrix
- B.8 AIF framework and reference model for SM Standard Landscape (France) [Go to Page]
- B.8.1 History
- B.8.2 Purpose
- B.8.3 Summary of facets and blocks of the AIF RM for SM Standard Landscape
- B.9 ISO-IEC Smart Manufacturing Standards Landscape (SM2) [Go to Page]
- B.9.1 History
- B.9.2 Terms of reference
- B.9.3 SM2 framework
- B.9.4 SM2 vocabulary
- B.10 URM-MM [Go to Page]
- B.10.1 Background
- B.10.2 Overview
- B.10.3 Usage
- B.10.4 Practical use-case
- B.10.5 Illustration of Relevant International Standards Mapping
- B.11 Scandinavian model [Go to Page]
- B.11.1 Scandinavian Semantic Model Design Principles
- B.11.2 Domain Semantic Model exemplified by Product Dimension
- B.12 UK Model
- Annex C (informative) Definition of smart manufacturing, and interpretations
- Annex D (informative) Concepts of Meta-modelling
- Bibliography
- Figures [Go to Page]
- Figure 1 – Example of transition from centralized to distributed system paradigm
- Figure 2 – SMRM abstraction stack
- Figure 3 – Meta-model for SMRM
- Figure 4 – Segments of the SMRM meta-model
- Figure 5 – Relation between typical concerns and use-cases on SM
- Figure 6 – Example of an implementation model for *use-case #1
- Figure 7 – Illustration about relation between a SMRM and a *stakeholder
- Figure 8 – Mapping for Scandinavian smart manufacturing model
- Figure 9 – Mapping for RAMI 4.0
- Figure 10 – Mapping for IMSA
- Figure 11 – Mapping for ISO 15704:2019 – GERAM Annex
- Figure 12 – Mapping for NIST Smart Manufacturing Standards Landscape
- Figure 13 – NIST SMS Ecosystem − Integrated Smart Manufacturing
- Figure 14 – Mapping for KSTEP cube framework
- Figure 15 – IVRA Next: Mapping to Three Axes of SM and SMU
- Figure 16 – Mapping for IIC IIRA
- Figure 17 – System representation # 1
- Figure 18 – System representation # 2
- Figure 19 – Mapping for URM-MM
- Figure 20 – The validity of individual exemplary life cycles on elements over time
- Figure 21 – Graphical overview on different contributions for SMRMs
- Figure 22 – Graphical overview on different contributions for SMRMs with respect to Hierarchy
- Figure 23 – Graphical overview on different contributions for SMRMs
- Figure 24 – N2 *aspect_collection of semantic coherence
- Figure 25 – Basic structure for a family of SMRM with alternative 3D representations
- Figure 26 – Basic structural representation for several of the contributions − SSIF, RAMI 4.0, IMSA, and IVRA Next
- Figure B.1 – The viewpoint of the RAMI 4.0 model
- Figure B.2 – Linking of life cycles
- Figure B.3 – Factory reference architecture model as of IEC 62264-1 and IEC 61512-1, with Industrie 4.0 enhancements
- Figure B.4 – Intelligent Manufacturing System Framework
- Figure B.5 – Structural diagram of intelligent manufacturing standard system
- Figure B.6 – Mapping between IMSA and standard system structure
- Figure B.7 – GERAM-ISO (Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology − ISO) framework components
- Figure B.8 – GERA Modelling Framework representation with Modelling Views
- Figure B.9 – Smart Manufacturing Ecosystem
- Figure B.10 – Smart Manufacturing Standards Landscape
- Figure B.11 – Skeleton of the NIST framework
- Figure B.12 – Skeleton of the RAMI 4.0 framework and the KSTEP framework
- Figure B.13 – Three axes of the KSTEP cube framework
- Figure B.14 – KSTEP cube framework
- Figure B.15 – Digital twin of the KSTEP cube framework
- Figure B.16 – Three layers of manufacturing
- Figure B.17 – Three axes of SM
- Figure B.18 – Four cycles of SM
- Figure B.19 – EROR cycle for evolution
- Figure B.20 – Icons of scenario defining elements
- Figure B.21 – Cyber and physical connection
- Figure B.22 – Cross border management by PLU
- Figure B.23 – Example of a Big Picture matrix
- Figure B.24 – Graph-Nodes filtered building
- Figure B.25 – Tree map sector barrier
- Figure B.26 – Example: business, operate and ship
- Figure B.27 – Standards landscape
- Figure B.28 – Principles of the AIF framework for the SM standards landscape
- Figure B.29 – Relation between standards map projects
- Figure B.30 – Example mapping of product catalogue data standards
- Figure B.31 – Example mapping structure for production system standards
- Figure B.32 – Unified Reference Model − Map and Methodology (URM-MM)
- Figure B.33 – Diagram of Canvas on an example of a production system having dynamic optimization
- Figure B.34 – Diagram of Use-case on an example of a production system having dynamic optimization
- Figure B.35 – Diagram of Function on an example of a production system having dynamic optimization
- Figure B.36 – Diagram of Data (1 of 2) on an example of a production system having dynamic optimization
- Figure B.37 – Diagram of Data (2 of 2) on an example of a production system having dynamic optimization
- Figure B.38 – Example of Mapping of Relevant International Standards at "Canvas"
- Figure B.39 – Example of Mapping of Relevant International Standards at "Data"
- Figure B.40 – Scandinavian Smart Industry Framework Semantic Cube
- Figure B.41 – Basic principles for the Semantic Space
- Figure B.42 – Domain Semantic Model exemplified by Product Dimension
- Figure B.43 – Separation of model content and Presentation
- Figure B.44 – Semantic model Architecture
- Figure B.45 – Dependencies between different aspects in Smart Products Through-Life
- Figure D.1 – Meta-abstraction stack
- Tables [Go to Page]
- Table 1 – SSIF business dimension *Aspect and *Viewpoint according to *Perspective
- Table 2 – SSIF product dimension *Aspect and *Viewpoint according to *Perspective
- Table 3 – SSIF production dimension *Aspect and *Viewpoint according to *Perspective
- Table 4 – SSIF Space Time dimension *Aspect and *Viewpoint according to the *Perspective
- Table 5 – RAMI 4.0 *aspect_collections and bifurcations
- Table 6 – *Aspect and *Viewpoint for RAMI 4.0 Layers
- Table 7 – *Aspect and *Viewpoint for RAMI 4.0 Hierarchy Levels
- Table 8 – *Aspect and *Viewpoint for the RAMI 4.0 Life cycle
- Table 9 – *Aspect and *Viewpoint for the IMSA System Hierarchy
- Table 10 – *Aspect and *Viewpoint for IMSA Life Cycle
- Table 11 – *Aspects possible values and explanation for the IMSA Intelligent Functions
- Table 12 – *Aspects and *viewpoints for GERAM life cycle
- Table 13 – *Aspects and *viewpoints for GERAM modelling viewpoints
- Table 14 – *Aspects and *viewpoints of GERAM Instantiation *aspect_collection
- Table 15 – Representation of the physical manifestation of the enterprise-entity
- Table 16 – Representation of the model contents according to the purpose of the enterprise entity
- Table 17 – Representation of the implementation of the enterprise-entity
- Table 18 – *Aspects for the Business life cycle
- Table 19 – *Aspects of the product life cycle
- Table 20 – *Aspects of the production life cycle
- Table 21 – *Aspects of the Manufacturing Pyramid
- Table 22 – Product axis (thing) *aspects and *viewpoints
- Table 23 – Service axis (occurrence) *aspects and *viewpoints
- Table 24 – Knowledge axis *aspects and *viewpoints
- Table 25 – Asset view *aspects and *viewpoints
- Table 26 – Management view *aspects and *viewpoints
- Table 27 – Activity view *aspects and *viewpoints
- Table 28 – Correspondence between SM2 concepts and SMRM meta-model concepts
- Table 29 – Examples of representations
- Table 30 – Mapping for System representation # 1
- Table 31 – Mapping for System representation # 2
- Table 32 – *Aspect and *Viewpoint for Model/Organization in URM-MM
- Table 33 – *Aspect and *Viewpoint for the horizontal column in URM-MM
- Table 34 – Particularities on life cycle on different contributors' perspective
- Table 35 – IMSA Hierarchy levels
- Table 36 – RAMI 4.0 Hierarchy related functionalities
- Table 37 – IVRA Hierarchical levels
- Table 38 – Big Picture Hierarchical levels
- Table 39 – Standards Landscape Hierarchical levels
- Table 40 – Particularities on layer on different contributors' models
- Table 41 – Aspects along the dimension of layers/Intelligent functions
- Table 42 – Grouping (and sub-grouping) of additional aspects
- Table 43 – Proposed assignment of the additional *aspect_collections groups
- Table B.1 – RAMI 4.0 Layers
- Table B.2 – RAMI 4.0 generalized life cycle phases
- Table B.3 – RAMI 4.0 Hierarchy Levels
- Table B.4 – Block "Identification"
- Table B.5 – Block "Object of standard"
- Table B.6 – Block "Hierarchy"
- Table B.7 – Block "Life cycle"
- Table B.8 – Block "Relevance"
- Table B.9 – Block "Interoperability"
- Table B.10 – Block "Priority"
- Table B.11 – Block "Validation"
- Table B.12 – Relevant blocks, sub-blocks and characteristics of SM2 [Go to Page]