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IEEE Guide for Application of Monitoring Equipment to Liquid-Immersed Transformers and Components (Approved Draft), 2024
- IEEE Std C57.143-2024 Front Cover
- Title page
- Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Standards Documents [Go to Page]
- Notice and Disclaimer of Liability Concerning the Use of IEEE Standards Documents
- Translations
- Use by artificial intelligence systems
- Official statements
- Comments on standards
- Laws and regulations
- Data privacy
- Copyrights
- Photocopies
- Updating of IEEE Standards documents
- Errata
- Patents
- IMPORTANT NOTICE
- Participants
- Introduction [Go to Page]
- Acknowledgments
- Contents
- 1. Overview [Go to Page]
- 1.1 Scope
- 1.2 Purpose
- 1.3 Word usage
- 2. Normative references
- 3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Definitions
- 3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations
- 4. Motivations for transformer monitoring [Go to Page]
- 4.1 General
- 4.2 Understanding condition monitoring applications
- 4.3 Considerations for monitoring
- 4.4 Monitor selection—theory and practice
- 4.5 Setting alert levels and planning ahead
- 4.6 Successful application: common themes
- 5. Monitored parameters [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Online monitoring introduction
- 5.2 Transformer and winding temperature [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 Introduction
- 5.2.2 Types of temperature sensors and their technologies
- 5.2.3 Measurement response time
- 5.2.4 Operating condition
- 5.2.5 Signal requirements [Go to Page]
- 5.2.5.1 Signal acquisition required for temperature monitoring
- 5.2.6 Installation
- 5.2.7 Maintenance requirements
- 5.3 Transformer cooling control [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 Introduction
- 5.3.2 Control function
- 5.3.3 Types of sensors for cooling monitoring and their technologies
- 5.3.4 Operating condition
- 5.3.5 Installation
- 5.3.6 Cooling failure mode detection
- 5.3.7 Impact of sensors/diagnostics on transformer maintenance requirements
- 5.4 Transformer loading [Go to Page]
- 5.4.1 Introduction
- 5.4.2 Load measurement technologies
- 5.4.3 Implementation and considerations [Go to Page]
- 5.4.3.1 Load can be measured in several ways
- 5.4.3.2 Effect of online monitoring on overloading capability
- 5.5 Load tap changer (LTC) [Go to Page]
- 5.5.1 General
- 5.5.2 Thermal diagnostics for load tap changers [Go to Page]
- 5.5.2.1 General
- 5.5.2.2 Differential temperature
- 5.5.3 Vibro-acoustic signature [Go to Page]
- 5.5.3.1 Introduction
- 5.5.3.2 Type of sensors
- 5.5.3.3 Operating condition
- 5.5.3.4 Failure detection
- 5.5.4 Dissolved gas-in-oil analysis (DGA)
- 5.5.5 Motor drive [Go to Page]
- 5.5.5.1 Introduction
- 5.5.5.2 Torque
- 5.5.5.3 Motor current index
- 5.5.5.4 Operating time
- 5.5.5.5 Contact wear
- 5.5.5.6 Position and operating range determination
- 5.6 Main tank sensors [Go to Page]
- 5.6.1 Oil level [Go to Page]
- 5.6.1.1 Introduction
- 5.6.1.2 Types of sensors and their technologies
- 5.6.2 Pressure [Go to Page]
- 5.6.2.1 Introduction
- 5.6.2.2 Types of sensors and their technologies
- 5.7 Conservator tank membrane [Go to Page]
- 5.7.1 Introduction
- 5.7.2 Gas accumulation relay method
- 5.7.3 Oil level method
- 5.7.4 Optical sensor method
- 5.8 Main tank dissolved gas-in-oil analysis [Go to Page]
- 5.8.1 Monitored parameters
- 5.8.2 Online gas-sensing technology [Go to Page]
- 5.8.2.1 Liquid sampling
- 5.8.2.2 Gas extraction
- 5.8.2.3 Gas measurement technologies
- 5.8.3 Single, dual, and composite gas measurement technologies [Go to Page]
- 5.8.3.1 Electrochemical (fuel cell) sensor
- 5.8.3.2 Metal film palladium nickel (Pd-Ni) sensor
- 5.8.3.3 Metal-Oxide (SnO2) sensor
- 5.8.3.4 Thermal conductivity sensor for hydrogen and carbon monoxide
- 5.8.3.5 Fluorescence (luminescence) optical—oxygen sensor
- 5.8.3.6 Galvanic cell—oxygen sensor
- 5.8.4 Multi-gas measurement technologies [Go to Page]
- 5.8.4.1 Infrared (IR) measurement technologies [Go to Page]
- 5.8.4.1.1 Photo acoustic spectroscopy (PAS)
- 5.8.4.1.2 Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR)
- 5.8.4.1.3 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
- 5.8.4.2 Gas chromatography (GC)
- 5.8.5 Installation and maintenance considerations for new and retrofit applications
- 5.8.6 Additional notes
- 5.9 Moisture in insulation system [Go to Page]
- 5.9.1 Moisture sensors and their technologies
- 5.9.2 Installation of moisture sensors
- 5.9.3 Moisture sensors as part of dissolved gas monitoring system
- 5.10 Bushing monitoring [Go to Page]
- 5.10.1 Introduction [Go to Page]
- 5.10.1.1 Sum of currents method
- 5.10.1.2 Bushing-to-bushing comparison method
- 5.10.1.3 Dual transformer comparison method
- 5.10.1.4 Power factor/Tan δ method (online Schering bridge method)
- 5.10.1.5 Reference method
- 5.10.1.6 High–low method
- 5.10.2 Monitored bushings [Go to Page]
- 5.10.2.1 Bushing tapping points
- 5.10.3 Bushing monitoring installation considerations
- 5.10.4 Bushing monitoring device maintenance
- 5.10.5 Caution notes for adding bushing monitoring
- 5.11 Partial discharge [Go to Page]
- 5.11.1 General
- 5.11.2 Electrical method [Go to Page]
- 5.11.2.1 Introduction
- 5.11.2.2 Types of sensors and their technologies
- 5.11.2.3 Detecting time of the technology
- 5.11.2.4 Operating condition
- 5.11.2.5 Installation and maintenance
- 5.11.2.6 Mounting and operation requirements
- 5.11.3 Acoustic method [Go to Page]
- 5.11.3.1 Introduction
- 5.11.3.2 Types of sensors and their technologies
- 5.11.3.3 Types of acoustic systems
- 5.11.3.4 Combined methods
- 5.11.3.5 Detecting time of the technology
- 5.11.3.6 Operating condition
- 5.11.3.7 Installation and maintenance
- 5.11.4 UHF PD measurement method [Go to Page]
- 5.11.4.1 Introduction
- 5.11.4.2 Types of sensors and their technologies
- 5.11.4.3 Dielectric window sensors
- 5.11.4.4 Oil valve sensors
- 5.11.4.5 Internal sensors
- 5.11.4.6 Bushing flange type sensors
- 5.11.4.7 Detecting time of the technology
- 5.11.4.8 Installation and maintenance
- 5.12 Geomagnetic-induced current (GIC) [Go to Page]
- 5.12.1 Introduction
- 5.12.2 GIC Monitoring methods
- 5.13 Online transient frequency response [Go to Page]
- 5.13.1 Introduction
- 5.13.2 Transient voltage sensors
- 5.13.3 Transient current sensors
- 5.13.4 Data management and design
- 5.13.5 Uses of transient monitored data
- 5.14 Online impedance measurement [Go to Page]
- 5.14.1 Basic theory
- 5.14.2 Signal acquisition
- 5.14.3 Signal analysis
- 5.14.4 Important considerations [Go to Page]
- 5.14.4.1 Transformer vector group
- 5.14.4.2 Tap changer position
- 5.14.4.3 Phasor estimation
- 5.14.4.4 Sensor accuracy
- 5.14.5 Measurement rate
- 5.14.6 Use cases
- 6. Communications [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Introduction to communication and data integration
- 6.2 Description of communication hardware [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1 Ethernet communication
- 6.2.2 Serial communication
- 6.2.3 Cellular modem
- 6.2.4 Broadband over power line (BPL)
- 6.2.5 Secure cloud
- 6.3 Description of communication protocols [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 Modbus protocol
- 6.3.2 Distributed Network Protocol (DNP)
- 6.3.3 IEC61850 protocol
- 6.4 Cyber security
- 6.5 Data management [Go to Page]
- 6.5.1 Data processing
- 6.5.2 Common architectures
- 6.5.3 Alarm management [Go to Page]
- 6.5.3.1 Alarm attributes and configuration
- 6.5.3.2 Alarm displays, communications, and suggested actions to alarms
- 6.5.3.3 Alarm record historization and analysis
- 6.5.3.4 Alarm definitions and prognostics
- 7. Cost benefits [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Inspection and maintenance costs
- 7.3 Failure resolution cost [Go to Page]
- 7.3.1 Impact of monitoring on failure rate
- 7.3.2 Failure resolution analysis for individual online monitoring
- 7.3.3 Cost of lost generation
- 7.3.4 Cost of contractual power not delivered
- 7.3.5 Cost of loss of production in an industrial plant
- 7.4 Reinforcement of overload capability [Go to Page]
- 7.4.1 Introduction
- 7.4.2 Effect of online monitoring on overloading capability
- 7.4.3 Cost/benefit evaluation for overloading
- 7.5 Deferring transformer replacement
- 7.6 Monitoring system cost
- 7.7 Global evaluation
- Annex A (informative) Bibliography
- Annex B (informative) Specifications for online monitors [Go to Page]
- B.1 Introduction
- B.2 General terminology
- B.3 Reference, standards, calibration, and traceability [Go to Page]
- B.3.1 Calibration and adjustment
- B.3.2 Reference and standards
- B.3.3 Traceability
- B.3.4 ISO certification
- B.4 Precision, accuracy, and true value [Go to Page]
- B.4.1 Metrological terms
- B.4.2 Repeatability
- B.4.3 Reproducibility
- B.4.4 Proficiency testing program
- B.5 Range, limit of detection, limit of quantification, analytical sensitivity, linearity, and hysteresis [Go to Page]
- B.5.1 Range
- B.5.2 Sensitivity, resolution, and discrimination
- B.5.3 Detection limit and quantification limit
- B.5.4 Linearity
- B.5.5 Hysteresis
- B.6 Stability and drift
- B.7 Specificity and interference
- B.8 Response time
- B.9 Rated operating conditions or operating limits [Go to Page]
- B.9.1 Other specifications
- B.9.2 Environmental protection
- B.9.3 Electrical and electromagnetic protection
- B.9.4 Consumable and maintenance interval
- B.10 Communication and interface
- B.11 Reference
- Annex C (informative) Partial discharge (PD): electrical and acoustic methods [Go to Page]
- C.1 Introduction
- C.2 Electrical PD [Go to Page]
- C.2.1 Sensors
- C.2.2 Phenomena identification
- C.2.3 Data interpretation
- C.3 Acoustic PD [Go to Page]
- C.3.1 Use of acoustic PD systems
- C.3.2 Sensors
- Annex D (informative) Direct winding temperature [Go to Page]
- D.1 Introduction
- D.2 Absorption shift of semiconductor crystals
- D.3 Fluorescence decay time [Go to Page]
- D.3.1 Fabry-Perot interferometer
- D.4 Distributed temperature sensor
- Annex E (informative) Data analysis methods for DGA online monitoring [Go to Page]
- E.1 Introduction
- E.2 Piecewise linear approximation
- E.3 Nonlinear regression analysis for CO and CO2
- E.4 Using nonlinear regression to predict future CO and CO2 levels
- E.5 Sample exception process [Go to Page]
